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P.T. Barnum

P.T. Barnum

Phineas Taylor Barnum (July 5, 1810 – April 7, 1891), American showman who is best remembered for his entertaining hoaxes and for founding the circus that eventually became Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus. He was born in Bethel, Connecticut, the son of an inn- and store-keeper. Barnum first started as a store-keeper, and was also involved with the lottery mania then prevailing in the United States. After failing in business, he started in 1829 a weekly paper, The Herald of Freedom, in Danbury, Connecticut; after several libel suits and a prosecution which resulted in imprisonment, he moved to New York City in 1834, and in 1835 began his career as a showman, with his purchase and exhibition of a blind and almost completely paralysed African-American slave woman, Joice Heth, claimed by Barnum to have been the nurse of George Washington, and to be over a hundred and sixty years old. With this woman and a small company he made well-advertised and successful tours in America until 1839, though Joice Heth died in 1836, when her age was proved to be not more than seventy. After a period of failure he purchased Scudder's American Museum, New York, in 1841; to this he added considerably and it became one of the most popular shows in the United States. He made a special hit in 1842 with the exhibition of Charles Stratton, the celebrated midget "General Tom Thumb", as well as the Fiji Mermaid which he exhibited in collaboration with his Boston counterpart Moses Kimball. His collection also included the original Siamese twins, Chang and Eng. In 1843 Barnum hired the traditional Native American dancer Do-Hum-Me. During 1844-45 Barnum toured with Charles Stratton in Europe and met with Queen Victoria. A remarkable instance of his enterprise was the engagement of Jenny Lind to sing in America at $1,000 a night for one hundred and fifty nights, all expenses being paid by the entrepreneur. The tour began in 1850, and was a great success for both Lind and Barnum. Barnum retired from the show business in 1855, but had to settle with his creditors in 1857, and began his old career again as showman and museum proprietor. In Brooklyn, New York in 1871, he established "P.T. Barnum's Grand Traveling Museum, Menagerie, Caravan, and Circus", a travelling amalgamation of circus, menagerie and museum of "freaks", which by 1872 was billing itself as "The Greatest Show on Earth". It went through a number of variants on these names: "P.T. Barnum's Traveling World's Fair, Great Roman Hippodrome and Greatest Show On Earth", and after an 1881 merger with James Bailey and James L. Hutchinson, "P.T. Barnum's Greatest Show On Earth, And The Great London Circus, Sanger's Royal British Menagerie and The Grand International Allied Shows United", soon shortened to "Barnum & London Circus". He and Bailey split up again in 1885, but came back together in 1888 with the "Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show On Earth", later "Barnum & Bailey Circus", which toured around the world. The show's primary attraction was Jumbo, an African elephant he purchased in 1882 from the London Zoo. Barnum died on April 7, 1891 and is buried in Mountain Grove Cemetery, Bridgeport, Connecticut. His circus was eventually sold to Ringling Brothers on July 8, 1907, for a price of US$400,000. Barnum wrote several books, including The Humbugs of the World (1865), Struggles and Triumphs (1869), and his Autobiography (first in 1854, and later editions including 1869). Barnum was significantly involved in the politics surrounding race, slavery, and sectionalism in the period leading up the American Civil War. As mentioned above, he had some of his first success as an impressario through his slave Joice Heth. Around 1850, he was involved in a hoax about a weed that would turn black people white. Barnum was involved (both as performer and promoter) in blackface minstrelsy. According to Eric Lott, Barnum's minstrel shows were often more double-edged in their humor than most at this period. While still replete with racist stereotypes, Barnum's shows also satirized white racial attitudes, as in a stump speech in which a black phrenologist (like all performers in the show, actually a white man in blackface) made a dialect speech parallelling and parodying lectures given at the time to "prove" the superiority of the white race: "You see den, dat clebber man and dam rascal means de same in dutch, when dey boph white; but when one white and de udder's black, dat's a grey hoss ob anoder color." (Lott, 1993, 78) Promotion of minstrel shows led indirectly to his sponsorship in 1853 of H.J. Conway's politically watered-down stage version of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin; the play, at Barnum's American Museum, gave the story a happy ending, with Tom and various other slaves freed. The success of this Uncle Tom led, in turn, to his promotion of a production of a play based on Stowe's Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp. By 1860, Barnum had become a Republican.

See also


- Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus
- Fiji Mermaid
- Cardiff Giant
- James Anthony Bailey
- Fedor Jeftichew
- Moses Kimball
- Barnum effect
- There's a sucker born every minute
- Middlebush Giant

External links


- Full text of [http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/1576 The Life of Phineas T. Barnum] by Joel Benton, from Project Gutenberg
-
- [http://www.historybuff.com/library/refbarnum.html P.T. Barnum never did say "There's a sucker born every minute"]
- [http://www.ptbarnum.org P.T. Barnum, the Shakespeare of Advertising]

References


- Lott, Eric. Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. ISBN 0195078322. Especially p. 76–78
- [http://www.ringling.com/explore/history/ptbarnum_1.aspx P.T. Barnum on the site of Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus. Barnum, P. T. Barnum, P. T. Barnum, P. T. Barnum, P. T. Barnum, P.T. ja:P・T・バーナム

July 5

July 5 is the 186th day of the year (187th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 179 days remaining.

Events


- 1610 - John Guy sets sail from Bristol with 39 other colonists for Newfoundland.
- 1687 - Isaac Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica is published.
- 1803 - The convention of Artlenburg leads to the French occupation of Hanover (which had been ruled by the British king).
- 1811 - Venezuela is the first South American country to declare independence from Spain.
- 1813 - War of 1812: Three weeks of British raids on Fort Schlosser, Black Rock and Plattsburgh, New York begin.
- 1814 - War of 1812: Battle of Chippewa - American Major General Jacob Brown defeats British General Phineas Riall at Chippewa, Ontario.
- 1830 - France invades Algeria.
- 1833 - Admiral Charles Napier defeats the navy of the Portuguese usurper Dom Miguel at the third Battle of Cape St. Vincent.
- 1865 - William Booth founds The Christian Mission (later renamed The Salvation Army).
- 1865 - The world's first maximum speed law is enacted in England.
- 1884 - Germany takes possession of Cameroon.
- 1934 - "Bloody Thursday" - Police open fire on striking longshoremen in San Francisco.
- 1937 - Highest recorded temperature in Canada, at Yellow Grass, Saskatchewan: 45 °C.
- 1940 - World War II: The United Kingdom and the Vichy France government break off diplomatic relations.
- 1941 - World War II: German troops reach the Dniepr River.
- 1943 - World War II: Battle of Kursk - The largest tank battle in history begins.
- 1943 - World War II: An Allied invasion fleet sails for Sicily (Operation Husky, July 10, 1943).
- 1945 - World War II: Liberation of the Philippines declared.
- 1946 - The bikini is introduced.
- 1948 - British National Health Service Act enacted.
- 1950 - Korean War: Task Force Smith - First clash between American and North Korean forces.
- 1950 - Zionism: The Knesset passes the Law of Return which grants all Jews the right to immigrate to Israel.
- 1951 - William Shockley invents the junction transistor.
- 1954 - Elvis Presley has his first commercial recording session. He sang That's All Right (Mama) and Blue Moon of Kentucky. Widely considered to be the birth of Rock and Roll.
- 1954 - The BBC broadcasts its first television news bulletin.
- 1954 - Andhra Pradesh High Court is established.
- 1958 - First ascent of Gasherbrum I, 11th highest peak on the earth
- 1962 - Algeria becomes independent from France.
- 1970 - An Air Canada DC-8 crashes near Toronto International Airport killing 108 people.
- 1971 - Right to vote: the Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, lowering the voting age from 21 to 18 years, is formally certified by President Richard Nixon.
- 1975 - Arthur Ashe becomes the first black man to win the Wimbledon singles title.
- 1975 - Cape Verde gains its independence from Portugal.
- 1977 - Military coup in Pakistan Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto the very first elected Prime Minister of Pakistan overthrown.
- 1980 - Björn Borg wins his fifth consecutive Wimbledon title.
- 1987 - First instance of the LTTE using suicide attacks on Sri Lankan Army. The Black Tigers are born and in the following years continue to use it to deadly effect.
- 1989 - Iran-Contra Affair: Oliver North is sentenced by U.S. District Judge Gerhard A. Gesell to a three-year suspended prison term, two years probation, $150,000 in fines and 1,200 hours community service.
- 1994 - The United States announced it would refuse further unrestricted immigration from Haiti.
- 1998 - Japan launches a probe to Mars, and thus joins the United States and Russia as a space exploring nation.
- 2003 - Taiwan is the last territory to be removed from the WHO's list of SARS affected areas.
- 2004 - First Indonesian presidential election, 2004 by the nation.
- 2004 - Éric Gagné's consecutive baseball saves streak comes to an end at 84 games.

Births


- 1586 - Thomas Hooker, Connecticut colonist (d. 1647)
- 1653 - Thomas Pitt, British Governor of Madras (d. 1726)
- 1675 - Mary Walcott, American accuser at the Salem witch trials
- 1717 - Pedro III of Portugal, consort of Queen Maria I of Portugal (d. 1786)
- 1718 - Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford, Viceroy of Ireland (d. 1794)
- 1794 - Sylvester Graham, American nutritionist (d. 1851)
- 1801 - David Farragut, American naval commander (d.1870)
- 1810 - Phineas Taylor "P. T." Barnum, American circus owner (d. 1891)
- 1853 - Cecil Rhodes, South African politician (d. 1902)
- 1879 - Wanda Landowska, Polish harpsichordist (d. 1959)
- 1880 - Jan Kubelík, Czech violinist (d. 1940)
- 1886 - Willem Drees, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1988)
- 1888 - Herbert Spencer Gasser, American physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1963)
- 1889 - Jean Cocteau, French writer (d. 1963)
- 1890 - Frederick Lewis Allen, American social historian (d. 1954)
- 1891 - John Howard Northrop, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987)
- 1902 - Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., American diplomat (d. 1985)
- 1904 - Harold Acton, American writer and dilettante (d. 1994)
- 1904 - Milburn Stone, American actor (d. 1980)
- 1911 - Georges Pompidou, President of France (d. 1974)
- 1918 - George Rochberg, American composer (d. 2005)
- 1924 - Janos Starker, Hungarian cellist
- 1928 - Warren Oates, American actor (d. 1982)
- 1928 - Pierre Mauroy, French prime minister
- 1932 - Billy Laughlin, American actor (d. 1948)
- 1934 - Katherine Helmond, American actress
- 1936 - Shirley Knight, American actress
- 1936 - James Mirrlees, Scottish economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1939 - Booker Edgerson, American football player
- 1943 - Curt Blefary, baseball player (d. 2001)
- 1944 - Robbie Robertson, Canadian guitarist
- 1950 - Huey Lewis, American musician
- 1950 - Michael Monarch, American guitarist (Steppenwolf)
- 1951 - Rich Gossage, baseball player
- 1957 - David Hanson, Politician
- 1958 - Bill Watterson, American cartoonist
- 1960 - Pruitt Taylor Vince, American actor
- 1963 - Edie Falco, American actress
- 1966 - Kathryn Erbe, American actress
- 1966 - Gianfranco Zola, Italian footballer
- 1969 - John LeClair, American hockey player
- 1969 - RZA, American rapper
- 1970 - Mac Dre, American rapper
- 1975 - Hernan Crespo, Argentinian footballer
- 1976 - Mike DeWolf, American guitarist (Taproot)
- 1976 - Nuno Gomes, Portuguese footballer
- 1979 - Shane Filan, Irish musician (Westlife)
- 1979 - Amélie Mauresmo, French tennis player
- 1982 - Alberto Gilardino, Italian footballer
- 1985 - Stephanie McIntosh, Australian actress
- 1996 - Dolly the sheep, first cloned mammal (d. 2003)

Deaths


- 1316 - Infante Ferdinand of Majorca (b. 1278)
- 1375 - Charles III of Alençon, French archbishop (b. 1337)
- 1472 - Charles of Artois, Count of Eu, French military leader (b. 1394)
- 1539 - St. Anthony Maria Zaccaria, Italian saint (b. 1502)
- 1666 - Albert VI of Bavaria (b. 1584)
- 1676 - Carl Gustaf Wrangel, Swedish soldier (b. 1613)
- 1715 - Charles Ancillon, French Huguenot pastor (b. 1659)
- 1719 - Meinhardt Schomberg, 3rd Duke of Schomberg, Irish general (b. 1641)
- 1773 - Francisco José Freire, Portuguese historian and philologist (b. 1719)
- 1833 - Nicéphore Niépce, French inventor (b. 1765)
- 1904 - Abai Kunanbaiuli, Kazakh poet (b. 1745)
- 1908 - Jonas Lie, Norwegian author (b. 1833)
- 1920 - Max Klinger, German artist (b. 1857)
- 1927 - Albrecht Kossel, German physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1853)
- 1932 - Sasha Cherny, Russian poet (b. 1880)
- 1945 - John Curtin, fourteenth Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1885)
- 1948 - Georges Bernanos, French writer (b. 1888)
- 1957 - Charles Sherwood Noble, American-born inventor
- 1966 - George de Hevesy, Hungarian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1885)
- 1969 - Walter Gropius, German architect (b. 1883)
- 1969 - Wilhelm Backhaus, German pianist (b. 1884)
- 1975 - Otto Skorzeny, German commando who rescued Benito Mussolini (b. 1908)
- 1983 - Harry James, American musician (b. 1916)
- 1991 - Howard Nemerov, American poet (b. 1920)
- 1998 - Sid Luckman, American football player (b. 1916)
- 2002 - Katy Jurado, Mexican actress (b. 1924)
- 2002 - Ted Williams, baseball player (b. 1918)
- 2003 - Roman Lyashenko, Russian hockey player (b. 1979)
- 2004 - Hugh Shearer, Prime Minister of Jamaica (b. 1923)
- 2004 - Rodger Ward, American race car driver (b. 1921)
- 2005 - James Stockdale, U.S. Navy admiral and vice presidential candidate (b. 1923)

Holidays and observances


- Algeria: Independence Day (1962)
- Cape Verde: Independence Day (1975)
- Czech Republic and Slovakia: Arrival of Saints Cyril and Methodius in Great Moravia (around 863)
- Isle of Man: Tynwald Day (1266)
- Venezuela: Independence Day (1811)
- Church of the SubGenius: X-Day (1998)

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/5 BBC: On This Day] ---- July 4 - July 6 - June 5 - August 5 -- listing of all days ---- ko:7월 5일 ms:5 Julai ja:7月5日 simple:July 5 th:5 กรกฎาคม

1810

1810 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar).

Events


- January 10 - Marriage of Napoleon and Josephine is annulled
- January 20 - Tyrolean rebel leader Andreas Hofer executed
- March 11 - Napoleon marries Marie-Louise of Austria
- April 19 - Venezuela achieves home rule: Emparan, Governor of the Captaincy General is removed by the people of Caracas and a Junta is installed.
- May 10 - Revolutionary occupation of Buenos Aires town hall.
- May 25 - Armed citizens of Buenos Aires expel the Viceroy from Spain and establish a provincial government for Argentina.
- June 8 - Birth of Robert Schumann, German composer.
- June 23 - John Jacob Astor forms the Pacific Fur Company.
- July - Napoleon annexes the Kingdom of Holland.
- July 20 - Colombia declares independence from Spain.
- August 6 - City of Mompos in modern-day Colombia is declares independence from the Spanish Empire
- September 8 - The Tonquin sets sail from New York Harbor with 33 employees of John Jacob Astor's newly created Pacific Fur Company on board. After a six month journey around the tip of South America, the ship will arrive at the mouth of the Columbia River and Astor's men will establish fur-trading town of Astoria.
- September 16 - Dieciséis de septiembre, the Mexican War of Independence of the Republic of Mexico
- September 18 - Chile forms the National Junta, which is their first passage towards independency.
- September 26 - A new Act of Succession is adopted by the Riksdag of the Estates and Jean Baptiste Bernadotte becomes heir to the Swedish throne.
- October 12 - First Oktoberfest: The Bavarian royalty invites the citizens of Munich to join the celebration of the marriage of Crown Prince Ludwig of Bavaria to Princess Therese von Sachsen-Hildburghausen.
- October 27 - USA annexes West Florida from Spain
- November 10 - the Berners Street Hoax - Theodore Hook manages to attract dozens of people to 53 Berners Street in London
- King George III of the United Kingdom recognized as insane
- Amadou Lobbo initiates his jihad in present-day Mali.
- Russia acquires Sukhumi through a treaty with Abkhazian dukes, and declares a protectorate over the whole of Abkhazia.
- Macon's Bill No. 2
- First steamboat on the Ohio River

Ongoing events


- Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815)-Peninsular War

Births


- January 3 - Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie, Irish-French geographer (d. 1897)
- February 5 - Ole Bull, Norwegian violinist (d. 1880)
- February 22 - Frédéric Chopin, Polish composer and pianist (d. 1849)
- March 2 - Pope Leo XIII (d. 1903)
- May 23 - Margaret Fuller, American journalist and feminist (d. 1850)
- June 8 - Robert Schumann, German composer and pianist (d. 1856)
- July 21 - Henri Victor Regnault, French chemist and physicist (d. 1878)
- September 2 - William Seymour Tyler, American educator and historian (d. 1897)
- September 29 - Elizabeth Gaskell, British novelist (d. 1865)
- October 10 - James W. Marshall, American contractor and builder of Sutter's Mill (d. 1885)
- December 11 - Alfred de Musset, French poet (d. 1857)

Deaths


- January 20 - Benjamin Chew, Chief Justice of colonial Pennsylvania (b. 1722)
- February 20 - Andreas Hofer, Tyrolean national hero (executed) (b. 1767)
- February 24 - Henry Cavendish, British scientist (b. 1731)
- March 7 - Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood, British admiral (b. 1750)
- June 7 - Luigi Schiavonetti, Italian engraver (b. 1765)
- July 19 - Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Queen of Prussia (b. 1776)
- August 12 - Etienne Louis Geoffroy, French pharmacist and entomologist (b. 1725)
- November 11 - Johann Zoffany, German-born painter (b. 1733)
- November 11 - John Laurance, American attorney, statesman, and judge (b. 1750) Category:1810 ko:1810년 ms:1810

April 7

April 7 is the 97th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (98th in leap years). There are 268 days remaining.

Events


- 529 - first draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I
- 1348 - Charles University is founded in Prague.
- 1521 - Ferdinand Magellan arrives at Cebu
- 1541 - Francis Xavier leaves Lisbon on a mission to the Portuguese East Indies.
- 1655 - Fabio Chigi becomes Pope Alexander VII.
- 1795 - France adopts the metre as the unit of length.
- 1798 - The Mississippi Territory is organized from territory ceded by Georgia and South Carolina and is later twice expanded to include disputed territory claimed by both the U.S. and Spain.
- 1805 - Lewis and Clark Expedition: The Corps of Discovery breaks camp among the Mandan tribe and resumes its journey West along the Missouri River.
- 1805 - First public performance of Beethoven's Third Symphony (Eroica).
- 1827 - John Walker (inventor), an English chemist, invents the friction match.
- 1831 - Emperor Pedro I of Brazil abdicates in favor of his son, Pedro II.
- 1856 - Foundation of Nelson College, Nelson, New Zealand.
- 1862 - American Civil War: Battle of Shiloh ends - Union Army under General Ulysses S. Grant defeat the Confederates near Shiloh, Tennessee.
- 1906 - Mount Vesuvius erupts and devastates Naples.
- 1906 - The Algeciras Conference gives France and Spain control over Morocco.
- 1908 - Herbert Henry Asquith takes office as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, from Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman
- 1922 - Teapot Dome scandal: United States Secretary of the Interior leases Teapot Dome petroleum reserves in Wyoming.
- 1927 - First long distance public television broadcast (Washington, DC to New York City, displaying the image of Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover).
- 1933 - The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, the first law meant to discriminate specifically against Jews is passed by the National Socialist regime in Germany.
- 1934 - The U.S. Congress passes the Jones-Connally Farm-Relief Act.
- 1939 - World War II: Italy invades Albania.
- 1940 - Booker T. Washington becomes the first African American to be depicted on a United States postage stamp.
- 1943 - First synthesis of LSD, lysergic acid diethylamide, by Albert Hoffman
- 1945 - World War II: The Japanese battleship Yamato is sunk 200 miles north of Okinawa while in-route to a suicide mission.
- 1945 - Kantaro Suzuki becomes the 42nd Prime Minister of Japan
- 1946 - Syria's independence from Vichy France is officially recognised
- 1948 - The World Health Organization is established by the United Nations.
- 1952 - The manga Astro Boy debuts in the monthly magazine Shōnen.
- 1953 - Dag Hammarskjöld is elected United Nations Secretary General.
- 1954 - U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower gives his "domino theory" speech during a news conference.
- 1955 - Anthony Eden becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- 1956 - Spain relinquishes its protectorate in Morocco.
- 1963 - Yugoslavia is proclaimed to be a Socialist republic and Josip Broz Tito is named President for life.
- 1964 - IBM announces the System/360
- 1967 - Six-Day War: Israeli fighters shoot down seven Syrian MIG-21s.
- 1968 - Formula One racer Jim Clark is killed in an accident during a Formula 2 race in Hockenheim, Germany.
- 1969 - The Internet's symbolic birth date: publication of RFC 1.
- 1977 - German Federal Prosecutor Siegfried Buback and his driver are shot by two Red Army Faction members while waiting at a red light
- 1977 - Toronto Blue Jays play their first-ever game of baseball against the Chicago White Sox
- 1980 - The United States severs diplomatic relations with Iran and imposes economic sanctions following the taking of American hostages on November 4, 1979.
- 1983 - During STS-6, astronauts Story Musgrave and Don Peterson perform the first space shuttle spacewalk (duration: 4 hours, 10 minutes).
- 1989 - Soviet submarine Komsomolets sinks in the Barents Sea off the coast of Norway after a fire. 42 sailors die.
- 1990 - Iran Contra Affair: John Poindexter is found guilty of five charges for his part in the scandal but the convictions were later reversed after an appeal.
- 1992 - Republika Srpska announces its independence.
- 1994 - Massacres of Tutsis begin in Kigali, Rwanda.
- 1998 - Citicorp and Travelers Group announce plans to merge creating the largest financial-services conglomerate in the world, Citigroup.
- 1998 - Singer George Michael is arrested in a Beverly Hills public restroom for "engaging in a lewd act."
- 1999 - Kosovo War: Kosovo's main border crossings are closed by Serbian forces to prevent ethnic Albanians from leaving.
- 2001 - Mars Odyssey is launched.
- 2001 - An M-17 helicopter crashes into mountain in south of Hanoi, Vietnam killing 16.
- 2003 - US troops capture Baghdad, Saddam Hussein's regime falls two days later
- 2005 - The State of Connecticut allows same-sex civil unions.

Births


- 1506 - Saint Francis Xavier, Spanish founder of the Society of Jesus (d. 1552)
- 1613 - Gerhard Douw, Dutch painter (d. 1675)
- 1644 - François de Neufville, duc de Villeroi, French soldier (d. 1730)
- 1648 - John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby, English statesman and poet (d. 1721)
- 1652 - Pope Clement XII (d. 1740)
- 1718 - Hugh Blair, Scottish preacher and man of letters (d. 1800)
- 1727 - Michel Adanson, French botanist (d. 1806)
- 1763 - Domenico Dragonetti, Italian composer
- 1770 - William Wordsworth, English poet (d. 1850)
- 1772 - Charles Fourier, French philosopher (d. 1837)
- 1803 - James Curtiss, Mayor of Chicago (d. 1859)
- 1848 - Randall Thomas Davidson, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1930)
- 1860 - Will Keith Kellogg, American cereal manufacturer (d. 1951)
- 1867 - Holger Pedersen, Danish linguist (d. 1953)
- 1870 - Gustav Landauer, German anarchist and revolutionary (d. 1919)
- 1873 - John McGraw, baseball player and manager (d. 1934)
- 1883 - Gino Severini, Italian painter (d. 1966)
- 1889 - Gabriela Mistral, Chilean writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1957)
- 1890 - Marjory Stoneman Douglas, American conservationist and writer (d. 1998)
- 1891 - Ole Kirk Christiansen, Danish inventor (d. 1958)
- 1893 - Allen Dulles, American Central Intelligence Agency director (d. 1969)
- 1897 - Walter Winchell, American broadcaster and journalist (d. 1972)
- 1899 - Robert Casadesus, French pianist (d. 1972)
- 1908 - Percy Faith, Canadian composer and musician (d. 1976)
- 1915 - Billie Holiday, American singer (d. 1959)
- 1915 - Henry Kuttner, American writer (d. 1958)
- 1917 - R.G. Armstrong, American actor
- 1918 - Bobby Doerr, baseball player
- 1919 - Edoardo Mangiarotti, Italian fencer
- 1920 - Ravi Shankar, Indian sithar player
- 1922 - Mongo Santamaria, Cuban musician (d. 2003)
- 1924 - Johannes Mario Simmel, Austrian writer
- 1927 - Babatunde Olatunji, Nigerian drummer (d. 2003)
- 1928 - James Garner, American actor
- 1928 - Alan J. Pakula, American producer and director (d. 1998)
- 1929 - Bob Denard, French soldier
- 1930 - Andrew Sachs, British actor
- 1931 - Donald Barthelme, American author
- 1933 - Wayne Rogers, American actor
- 1934 - Ian Richardson, British actor
- 1935 - Bobby Bare, American musician
- 1936 - Jean-Pierre Changuex, French neuroscientist
- 1938 - Jerry Brown, American politician
- 1938 - Freddie Hubbard, American jazz trumpeter
- 1939 - Francis Ford Coppola, American film director
- 1939 - Sir David Frost, English broadcaster and television host
- 1944 - Julia Phillips, American film producer and writer (d. 2002)
- 1944 - Gerhard Schröder, Chancellor of Germany
- 1945 - Joël Robuchon, French chef
- 1946 - Colette Besson, French runner
- 1949 - John Oates, American musician (Hall and Oates)
- 1951 - Janis Ian, American singer and songwriter
- 1954 - Jackie Chan, Hong Kong actor
- 1954 - Tony Dorsett, American football player
- 1955 - Werner Stocker, German actor (d. 1993)
- 1956 - Charles Carreon, American lawyer and author
- 1956 - Christopher Darden, American O.J. Simpson prosecuter
- 1961 - Pascal Olmeta, French footballer
- 1962 - Hugh O'Connor, American actor (d. 1995)
- 1962 - Alain Robert, French rock and urban climber
- 1964 - Russell Crowe, New Zealand actor
- 1965 - Bill Bellamy, American actor and comedian
- 1966 - Gary Wilkinson, English snooker player
- 1970 - Leif Ove Andsnes, Norwegian pianist
- 1971 - Guillaume Depardieu, French actor, son of Gérard Depardieu
- 1973 - Carole Montillet, French skier
- 1975 - Tiki Barber, New York Giants Running Back (American Football)
- 1979 - Tony Malone, British designer and activist

Deaths


- 858 - Pope Benedict III
- 1307 - Joan of Acre, daughter of Edward I of England (b. 1271)
- 1498 - King Charles VIII of France (b. 1470)
- 1614 - El Greco, Greek-born artist (b. 1541)
- 1638 - Shimazu Tadatsune, Japanese ruler of Satsuma (b. 1576)
- 1651 - Lennart Torstenson, Swedish soldier and engineer (b. 1603)
- 1658 - Juan Eusebio Nieremberg, Spanish mystic (b. 1595)
- 1661 - William Brereton, English soldier and politician (b. 1604)
- 1663 - Francis Cooke, Mayflower pilgrim
- 1668 - William Davenant, English poet (b. 1606)
- 1719 - Jean-Baptiste de la Salle, French saint (b. 1651)
- 1739 - Dick Turpin, English highwayman (hanged) (b. 1706)
- 1747 - Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, Prussian field marshall (b. 1676)
- 1761 - Thomas Bayes English mathematician (b. 1702)
- 1766 - Tiberius Hemsterhuis, Dutch philologist and critic (b. 1685)
- 1767 - Franz Sparry, composer (b. 1715)
- 1782 - Taksin, King of Thailand (b. 1734)
- 1789 - Abd-ul-Hamid I, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1725)
- 1789 - Petrus Camper, Dutch anatomist (b. 1722)
- 1801 - Noël François de Wailly, French lexicographer (b. 1724)
- 1823 - Jacques Charles, French chemist (b. 1746)
- 1833 - Antoni Radziwiłł, Polish politician (b. 1775)
- 1836 - William Godwin, English political writer (b. 1756)
- 1850 - William Lisle Bowles, English poet and critic (b. 1762)
- 1858 - Anton Diabelli, Austrian music publisher, editor, and composer (b. 1781)
- 1871 - Alexander Lloyd, Mayor of Chicago (b. 1805)
- 1885 - Carl Theodor Ernst von Siebold, German physiologist (b. 1804)
- 1891 - P. T. Barnum, American circus impresario (b. 1810)
- 1928 - Alexander Bogdanov, Russian physician and philosopher (b. 1873)
- 1939 - Joseph Lyons, tenth Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1879)
- 1943 - Jovan Ducic, Serbian poet
- 1943 - Alexandre Millerand, President of France (b. 1859)
- 1947 - Henry Ford, American automobile manufacturer and industrialist (b. 1863)
- 1950 - Walter Huston, Canadian-born actor (b. 1884)
- 1955 - Theda Bara, American film actress (b. 1885)
- 1968 - Jimmy Clark, Scottish race car driver (b. 1936)
- 1981 - Norman Taurog, American film director (b. 1899)
- 1984 - Frank Church, U.S. Senator from Idaho (b. 1924)
- 1986 - Leonid Kantorovich, Russian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1912)
- 1990 - Ronald Evans, astronaut (b. 1933)
- 1994 - Albert Guðmundsson, Icelandic professional football player and politician (b. 1923)
- 1994 - Golo Mann, German historian (b. 1909)
- 1994 - Agathe Uwilingiyimana, Prime Minister of Rwanda (b. 1953)
- 1997 - Witto Aloma, baseball player (b. 1923)
- 1997 - Georgi Shonin, cosmonaut (b. 1935)
- 1998 - Marjory Stoneman Douglas, American conservationist and environmentalist (b. 1890)
- 2001 - David Graf, American actor (b. 1950)
- 2001 - Beatrice Straight, American actress (b. 1914)
- 2002 - John Agar, American actor (b. 1921)
- 2003 - Cecile de Brunhoff, French storyteller (b. 1903)
- 2005 - Bob Kennedy, baseball player and manager (b. 1920)

Holidays and observances


- Araw ng Kagitingan was moved this year from April 9 to April 7 to give the residents a long weekend and help tourism in the Philippines.
- World Health Day - April 7th of every year is designated as World Health Day and celebrated by the 191 member countries of the World Health Organization to emphasize significant issues in public health of worldwide concern. Observed annually since 1948.
- Mozambique - Women's Day

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/7 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.tnl.net/when/4/7 Today in History: April 7] ---- April 6 - April 8 - March 7 - May 7 -- listing of all days ko:4월 7일 ms:7 April ja:4月7日 simple:April 7 th:7 เมษายน

1891

1891 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar).

Events


- January 1 - Paying of old age pensions begins in Germany
- January 20 - James Hogg becomes the first native Texan to be governor of that state.
- January 29 - Liliuokalani proclaimed Queen of Hawaii
- March 3 - The International Copyright Act of 1891 was passed by the 51st Congress of the United States of America
- March 9 - 12 - Powerful storm off England's south coast; 14 ships sink
- March 14 - In New Orleans, lynch mob storms the Old Parish Prison and lynches eleven Italians arrested but found innocent for the murder of Police Chief David Hennessey.
- March 17 - The British steamship SS Utopia sinks off the coast of Gibraltar, killing 574.
- April 1 - The Wrigley Company is founded in Chicago, Illinois.
- May 1 - Nine killed and thirty wounded when troops fire on workers' May Day demonstration in support of eight-hour workday in Fourmies, France.
- May 5 - The Music Hall in New York (now known as Carnegie Hall) has its grand opening and first public performance, with maestro Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky as the guest conductor.
- May 20 - First public display of Thomas Alva Edison's prototype kinetoscope (shown at Edison's Laboratory for a convention of the National Federation of Women's Clubs).
- June 16 - John Abbott becomes Canada's third prime minister.
- June 21 - First long-distance transmission of Alternating current by the Ames power plant near Telluride, Colorado by Lucien and Paul Nunn.
- August 27 - France and Russia conclude defensive alliance.
- October 1 - In California, Stanford University opens its doors
- December 29 - Thomas Edison patents the radio
- Building of The Trans-Siberian Railroad begins (ends 1917)
- The Brahmin teacher and nationalist, Bal Bangadhar tilak, begins agitation for Indian home Rule
- Civil War in Chile
- Kicking Bear surrenders
- Earthquake in Japan kills 25.000
- Famine in Russia
- Maria Skłodowska enters Sorbonne University
- New Scotland Yard becomes the HQ of London Metropolitan Police
- Swiss Army Knife
- Eugene Dubois made first discovery of Homo erectus fossils in Dutch colony of Java.
- Winter - James Naismith invents Basketball
- The Tobacco Protest occurs in Iran
- Oba Ovonramwen seizes the throne of Benin
- Auckland University Students' Association founded

Births


- January 8 - Walther Bothe, German physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 1957)
- February 9 - Ronald Colman, English actor (d. 1958)
- February 11 - J.W. Hearne English cricketer (d. 1965).
- February 27 - David Sarnoff, Russian-born broadcasting pioneer (d. 1971)
- March 10 - Sam Jaffe, American actor (d. 1984)
- March 19 - Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the United States (d. 1974)
- March 29 - Yvan Goll, French lyricist and dramatist (d. 1950)
- April 2 - Max Ernst, German painter (d. 1976)
- April 13 - Nella Larsen, American novelist (d. 1964)
- April 17 - George Adamski, Polish-born UFO traveler (d. 1965)
- April 23 - Sergei Prokofiev, Soviet composer (d. 1953)
- May 15 - Mikhail Bulgakov, Russian writer (d. 1940)
- May 16 - Richard Tauber, Austrian tenor (d. 1948)
- May 18 - Rudolf Carnap, German philosopher (d. 1970)
- May 19 - Oswald Boelcke, German World War I pilot (d. 1916)
- May 22 - Eddie Edwards, American jazz trombonist (d. 1963)
- May 23 - Pär Lagerkvist, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974)
- May 24 - William F. Albright, American archeologist and Biblical scholar (d. 1971)
- June 9 - Cole Porter, American composer and songwriter (d. 1964)
- June 20 - John A. Costello, second President of Ireland (d. 1976)
- June 21 - Hermann Scherchen, German conductor (d. 1966)
- June 30 - Man Mountain Dean, American professional wrestler (d. 1953)
- July 5 - John Howard Northrop, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987)
- September 12 - Pedro Albizu Campos, advocate of Puerto Rican independence (d. 1965)
- September 14 - William F. Friedman, American cryptographer (d. 1969)
- September 16 - Karl Dönitz, President of Germany (d. 1980)
- September 26 - Charles Munch, French conductor and violinist (d. 1968)
- September 28 - Myrtle Gonzalez, American film and stage actress (d. 1918)
- October 12 - Fumimaro Konoe, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1945)
- October 20 - James Chadwick, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974)
- October 24 - Rafael Leónidas Trujillo, dictator of the Dominican Republic (d. 1961)
- November 14 - Frederick Banting, Canadian physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1941)
- November 15 - Vincent Astor, American philanthropist (d. 1959)
- November 15 - Erwin Rommel, German field marshal (d. 1944)
- December 10 - Nelly Sachs, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1970)
- December 26 - Henry Miller, American writer (d. 1980)

Deaths


- January 5 - Emma Abbott, American opera singer (b. 1849)
- January 16 - Léo Delibes, French composer (b. 1836)
- January 21 - Calixa Lavallée, Canadian composer (b. 1842)
- March 15 - Théodore de Banville, French writer (b. 1823)
- March 15 - Sir Joseph Bazalgette, English civil engineer (b. 1819)
- April 7 - P. T. Barnum, American showman (b. 1810)
- April 24 - Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, Prussian field marshal (b. 1800)
- May 8 - Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, Russian-born author and theosophist (b. 1831)
- July 4 - Hannibal Hamlin, Vice President of the United States (b. 1809)
- August 12 - James Russell Lowell, American poet and essayist (b. 1819)
- August 14 - Sarah Childress Polk, First Lady of the United States (b. 1803)
- September 11 - Antero de Quental, Portuguese poet (b. 1842)
- September 15 - Ivan Goncharov, Russian author (b. 1812)
- September 28 - Herman Melville, American novelist (b. 1819)
- October 6 - Charles Stewart Parnell, Irish nationalist leader (b. 1846)
- October 15 - Gilbert Arthur a Beckett, English writer (b. 1837)
- November 10 - Arthur Rimbaud, French poet (b. 1854)
- December 5 - Pedro II, Brazilian deposed emperor (b. 1826)

Fictional events of the year

Sherlock Holmes is believed to have died in the Reichenbach fall with the "Napoleon of crime", Professor James Moriarty. Category:1891 ko:1891년 simple:1891 th:พ.ศ. 2434

United States

:For alternative meanings, see the disambiguation page for US, USA, United States, or American. The United States of America is a federal democratic republic situated primarily in central North America. It comprises 50 states and one federal district, and has several territories. It is also referred to, with varying formality, as the United States, the U.S., the U.S.A., the States, or simply and most commonly, America. The official founding date of the United States is July 4, 1776, when the Second Continental Congress—representing thirteen British colonies—adopted the Declaration of Independence. However, the structure of the government was profoundly changed in 1788, when the states replaced the Articles of Confederation with the United States Constitution. The date on which each of the fifty states adopted the Constitution is typically regarded as the date that state "entered the Union" (became part of the United States). Since the mid-20th century, following World War II, the United States has emerged as a dominant global influence in economic, political, military, scientific, technological, and cultural affairs.

Geography and climate

The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and territorial water boundaries with Canada, Russia, the Bahamas, and numerous smaller nations. It is otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea, in the west; the Arctic Ocean, in the northernmost areas; and the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea, in the eastern and southeastern areas. Forty-eight of the states are in the single region between Canada and Mexico; this group is referred to, with varying precision and formality, as the continental or contiguous United States, sometimes abbreviated CONUS, and as the Lower 48. Alaska, which is not included in the term contiguous United States, is at the northwestern end of North America, separated from the Lower 48 by Canada. The archipelago of Hawaii is in the Pacific Ocean. The capital city, Washington, District of Columbia is a federal district located on land donated by the state of Maryland. (Virginia also donated land, but it was returned in 1847.) The United States also has overseas territories with varying levels of independence and organization. When inland water is included in the total area, only Russia and Canada are larger than the United States; if inland water is excluded, China ranks third and the U.S. ranks fourth. The United States' total area is 3,718,711 square miles (9,631,418 km²), of which land makes up 3,537,438 square miles (9,161,923 km²) and water makes up 181,273 square miles (469,495 km²). The United States' landscape is one of the most varied among those of the world's nations: among its many features are temperate forestland and rolling hills, on the east coast; mangrove, in Florida; the Great Plains, in the center of the country; the Mississippi–Missouri river system; the Great Lakes, four of the five of which are shared with Canada; the Rocky Mountains, west of the Great Plains; deserts and temperate coastal zones, west of the Rocky Mountains; and temperate rain forests, in the Pacific northwest. Alaska's tundra, and the volcanic, tropical islands of Hawaii add to the geographic diversity. Hawaii The climate varies along with the landscape, from tropical in Hawaii and southern Florida to tundra in Alaska and atop some of the highest mountains. Most of the North and East experience a temperate continental climate, with warm summers and cold winters. Most of the South experiences a subtropical humid climate with mild winters and long, hot, humid summers. Rainfall decreases markedly from the humid forests of the Eastern Great Plains to the semi-arid shortgrass prairies on the high plains abutting the Rocky Mountains. Arid deserts, including the Mojave, extend through the lowlands and valleys of the southwest, from westernmost Texas to California and northward throughout much of Nevada. Some parts of California have a Mediterranean climate. Rainforests line the windward mountains of the Pacific Northwest from Oregon to Alaska.

History

American history started with the migration of people from Asia across the Bering land bridge approximately 12,000 years ago following large animals that they hunted into the Americas. These Native Americans left evidence of their presence in petroglyphs, burial mounds, and other artifacts. It is estimated that 2-9 million people lived in the territory now occupied by the U.S. before European contact, and the subsequent introduction of foreign diseases such as small pox that greatly diminished the native populations. Some advanced societies were the Anasazi of the southwest, who inhabited Chaco Canyon, and the Woodland Indians, who built Cahokia, located near present-day St Louis, a city with a population of 40,000 at its peak in AD 1200. Vikings first visited North America around 1000, but did not settle permanently. Following the discovery voyages of Christopher Columbus around 1492, other Europeans began to explore and settle there. During the 1500s and 1600s, the Spanish settled parts of the present-day Southwest and Florida, founding St. Augustine, Florida in 1565 and Santa Fe (in what is now New Mexico) in 1607. The first successful English settlement was at Jamestown, Virginia, also in 1607. Within the next two decades, several Dutch settlements, including New Amsterdam (the predecessor to New York City), were established in what are now the states of New York and New Jersey. In 1637, Sweden established a colony at Fort Christina (in what is now Delaware), but lost the settlement to the Dutch in 1655. This was followed by extensive British settlement of the east coast. The British colonists remained relatively undisturbed by their home country until after the French and Indian War, when France ceded Canada and the Great Lakes region to Britain. Britain then imposed taxes on the 13 colonies, widely regarded by the colonists as unfair because they were denied representation in the British Parliament. Tensions between Britain and the colonists increased, and the thirteen colonies eventually rebelled against British rule. British Parliament, George Washington (1789-1797).]] In 1776, the 13 colonies split from Great Britain and formed the United States, the world's first constitutional and democratic federal republic, after their Declaration of Independence of that year, and the Revolutionary War (1775 to 1783). The original political structure was a confederation in 1777, ratified in 1781 as the Articles of Confederation. After long debate, this was supplanted by the Constitution in 1789, forming a more centralized federal government. Prior to all these was the Albany Congress in 1754, in which a union was first seriously proposed. From early colonial times, there was a shortage of labor, which encouraged unfree labor, particularly indentured servitude and slavery. In the mid-19th century, a major division occurred in the United States over the issue of states' rights and the expansion of slavery. The northern states had become opposed to slavery, while the southern states saw it as necessary for the continued success of southern agriculture and wanted it expanded to the territories. Several federal laws were passed in an attempt to settle the dispute, including the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850. The dispute reached a crisis in 1861, when seven southern states seceded1 from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America, leading to the Civil War. Soon after the war began, four more southern states seceded. During the war, Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, mandating the freedom of all slaves in states in rebellion, though full emancipation did not take place until after the end of the war in 1865, the dissolution of the Confederacy, and the Thirteenth Amendment took effect. The Civil War effectively ended the question of a state's right to secede, and is widely accepted as a major turning point after which the federal government became more powerful than state governments. Thirteenth Amendment). The title of the painting, from a 1726 poem by Bishop Berkeley, was a phrase often quoted in the era of